Ulasan saya

Abstract

This study analyzes Cd and Pb concentrations in 102 samples across 7 sub-districts in Bandung Regency. Employing SPSS and ArcGIS’s IDW method, results indicate Cd and Pb exceeding standards. Pbvariation is Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet; Cd’s order is Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. Pb and Cd variation in industrial textile areas (>80) from highest to lowest is upper > middle > lower, and non-industrial areas (<30) is middle > lower > upper. Contamination analysis shows extreme risk (Cd) and low risk (Pb).

Conclusions

The heavy metals Pb and Cd were detected at all soil sampling locations in Bandung Regency with values exceeding the critical point in a few locations with 97% of locations exceeding the Cd standard and 3% of locations surpassing the standard. Both metals are found in abundance, especially in high concentrations in Majalaya Sub-district, which is an industrial area. The variation of Pb concentration horizontally from highest to lowest in the soil is observed in the following order across sub-districts: Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet. Meanwhile, for the metal Cd, the order is Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. The variation of Pb and Cd concentration in industrial areas with >80 textile industries from highest to lowest in soil layers is upper > middle > lower. Meanwhile, for non-industrial areas with <30 textile industries, the categorization is middle > lower > upper. The results indicate the potential presence of anthropogenic sources of Pb and Cd in areas with a high distribution of textile industries, as the highest concentrations are found in the upper soil layers. The correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in soil and groundwater in the basin areas of Bandung Regency was found to be weak (r Cd in soil-groundwater = − 0.098 and r Pb in soil-groundwater = 0.226) and not significant (p-value >0.05). The potential interaction of Cd and Pb in soil and groundwater varies at each location. Further research is required to comprehend this phenomenon. Based on contamination analysis of contaminant factors (CF) and potential ecological risk (Er), it shows that the concentration of Cd metal is in the extremely significant risk category, while Pb metal shows low risk potential. Therefore, these findings can be utilized to prioritize remediation efforts. Remediation efforts such as reducing the use of fertilizers, implementing biochar, or harnessing microbial activities are strongly recommended to mitigate the accumulation of Cd metal in the soil.

Summary

This study looks at the levels of two heavy metals, Cd and Pb, in 102 soil samples from 7 different areas in Bandung Regency. By using SPSS and ArcGIS’s IDW method, we found that Cd and Pb levels are higher than they should be. Pb levels are highest in Majalaya and lowest in Pacet; Cd levels follow the same pattern. In areas with a lot of textile industry (>80), Pb and Cd are most concentrated in the top layer of soil. In areas with less industry (<30), these metals are most concentrated in the middle layer of soil. We found that Cd is a major risk, while Pb is a minor risk.

Pb and Cd were found at all sample locations, with 97% of places having too much Cd and 3% having too much Pb. Majalaya, an industrial area, had the highest levels. The order of Pb concentration from highest to lowest across areas is: Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet. For Cd, the order is: Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. In industrial areas with >80 textile industries, the highest concentration of Pb and Cd is in the top soil layer, while in non-industrial areas with <30 textile industries, it's in the middle layer. This might mean that the metals come from the textile industry, as they're most common in the top soil layer. The relationship between heavy metals in soil and groundwater in Bandung Regency's basins was weak (r Cd in soil-groundwater = − 0.098 and r Pb in soil-groundwater = 0.226) and not significant (p-value >0.05). The way Cd and Pb interact in soil and groundwater differs by location. More research is needed to understand this. Analysis shows that Cd is a big risk, while Pb is a small risk. This information can help decide where to focus cleanup efforts. We recommend using less fertilizer, using biochar, or using microbes to reduce Cd levels in the soil.

Summary in Indonesian

Studi ini melihat tingkat dua unsur logam, Cd dan Pb, dalam 102 sampel tanah dari 7 area berbeda di Kabupaten Bandung. Dengan menggunakan metode SPSS dan IDW ArcGIS, kami menemukan bahwa tingkat Cd dan Pb lebih tinggi dari yang seharusnya. Tingkat Pb tertinggi di Majalaya dan terendah di Pacet; tingkat Cd mengikuti pola yang sama. Di area dengan banyak industri tekstil (>80), Pb dan Cd paling terkonsentrasi di lapisan atas tanah. Di area dengan industri lebih sedikit (<30), logam-logam ini paling terkonsentrasi di lapisan tengah tanah. Kami menemukan bahwa Cd adalah risiko besar, sedangkan Pb adalah risiko kecil.

Pb dan Cd ditemukan di semua lokasi sampel, dengan 97% tempat memiliki Cd yang terlalu banyak dan 3% memiliki Pb yang terlalu banyak. Majalaya, sebuah area industri, memiliki tingkat tertinggi. Urutan konsentrasi Pb dari tertinggi ke terendah di seluruh area adalah: Majalaya > Ciparay > Soreang > Pangalengan > Rancaekek > Baleendah > Pacet. Untuk Cd, urutannya adalah: Pangalengan > Ciparay > Majalaya > Rancaekek > Soreang > Baleendah > Pacet. Di area industri dengan >80 industri tekstil, konsentrasi tertinggi Pb dan Cd ada di lapisan tanah atas, sedangkan di area non-industri dengan <30 industri tekstil, berada di lapisan tengah. Ini mungkin berarti bahwa logam-logam berasal dari industri tekstil, karena paling umum ada di lapisan tanah atas. Hubungan antara logam berat dalam tanah dan air tanah di cekungan Kabupaten Bandung adalah lemah (r Cd dalam tanah-air tanah = − 0,098 dan r Pb dalam tanah-air tanah = 0,226) dan tidak signifikan (nilai p >0,05). Cara Cd dan Pb berinteraksi dalam tanah dan air tanah berbeda-beda menurut lokasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk memahami hal ini. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa Cd adalah risiko besar, sedangkan Pb adalah risiko kecil. Informasi ini dapat membantu menentukan di mana fokus upaya pembersihan. Kami merekomendasikan menggunakan pupuk lebih sedikit, menggunakan biochar, atau menggunakan mikroba untuk mengurangi tingkat Cd di dalam tanah.

Beberapa komentar

Komentar berikut ini adalah bantuk apresiasi saya terhadap tim peneliti yang telah menyampaikan hasil risetnya dengan baik dan menjadi baseline riset-riset kualitas tanah dan kualitas air di area tersebut. Makalah ini juga merupakan bentuk interaksi pembaca (readers engagment) yang perlu ditumbuhkan dalam ekosistem riset. Namun demikian perkenankan saya menyampaikan beberapa pertimbangan pembanding agar para pembaca memiliki perspektif yang berimbang setelah membaca riset ini.
Saya melihat makalah ini membahas sumber Cd dan Pb secara tidak seimbang. Makalah menyebutkan bahwa “kemungkinan besar” sumber kontaminan berasal dari industri, khususnya industri tekstil. Berikut ini adalah beberapa bagian dari makalah yang memperlihatkan argumentasi tersebut.
Namun demikian, alur riset ini dan juga publikasi yang disitir tidak secara spesifik menyelidiki kemungkinan sumber kontaminan Cd dan Pb. Untuk itu pembaca perlu memiliki wawasan yang berimbang terkait dengan tahapan investigasi sumber kontaminan.