Ineffective communication of open science policies can affect various stakeholder groups, including:

• Researchers: Researchers may not be aware of open science policies and their benefits, which can lead to a lack of support and participation**12**.
• Policymakers: Policymakers may not understand the technical jargon and complex language used in open science policies, which can lead to misunderstandings and misapplication of the policies**13**.
• Funding agencies: Funding agencies may not be aware of open science policies and their benefits, which can lead to a lack of support for research projects that follow open science principles**24**.
• Journal editors and publishers: Journal editors and publishers may not be aware of open science policies and their benefits, which can lead to a lack of support for publishing research that follows open science principles**25**.
• Members of the public: Members of the public may not be aware of open science policies and their benefits, which can lead to a lack of engagement with scientific research and a lack of trust in scientific institutions**36**.

In summary, ineffective communication of open science policies can affect various stakeholder groups, including researchers, policymakers, funding agencies, journal editors and publishers, and members of the public.

INEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION OF OPEN SCIENCE POLICIES TO DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDER GROUPS

• Lack of awareness: Stakeholders may not be aware of open science policies and their benefits, which can lead to a lack of support and participation**12**.
• Misunderstandings: Technical jargon and complex language used in open science policies can lead to misunderstandings among stakeholders, which can result in misinterpretation and misapplication of the policies**13**.
• Resistance to change: Stakeholders may resist changes associated with open science policies due to concerns about intellectual property rights, data privacy, and other issues**13**.
• Limited engagement: Limited engagement with stakeholders in the development and implementation of open science policies can lead to a lack of buy-in and support for the policies**24**.
• Inequitable access: Ineffective communication of open science policies can result in inequitable access to research findings and data, which can perpetuate existing inequalities**56**.
• Missed opportunities: Ineffective communication of open science policies can result in missed opportunities for collaboration, innovation, and knowledge sharing among stakeholders**25**.

In summary, ineffective communication of open science policies to different stakeholder groups can have several potential consequences, including lack of awareness, misunderstandings, resistance to change, limited engagement, inequitable access, and missed opportunities.